Theory Change And Scientific Realism Example

Essays on Theory Change And Scientific Realism Coursework Scientific Realism of Why it is difficult to precisely define the idea of approximate truth As some scientists define scientific realism in terms of the truth or approximate truth of the theories of science, some give it a definition in terms of the successful references of the theoretical terms of something in the world which is both observable and unobservable. In addition other scientists also do not look at the scientific realism in terms of the truth or reference, but in terms of a belief in the ontology of the theories of science and therefore making it very difficult to define precisely.Whether historical cases against scientific realism give a good ground for antirealismof scienceThe arguments about the scientific realism is at the centre and it is connected to almost everything else that is found within the philosophy of science since they mostly concern the nature of scientific knowledge. Scientific realism may be described as the positive epistemic attitude that is focused towards the composition of our best theories and models. It gives a recommendation of a belief in both observable and unobservable aspects of the whole world as described by the finding of the science. This epistemic attitude is characterized by both metaphysical and semantic dimensions that cover various commitments that are hotly contested by a number of competing epistemologies of science commonly known as the scientific antirealism.Whether it is a plausible that theoretical term can refer even if the theories on which they are part of is radically mistaken Despite the underlying idiosyncratic qualifications and position variants, there are still very many cores of underlying ideas that are typified by the positive attitude of the epistemic towards the results of the scientific investigations. The distinction between the observables and the unobservable mainly reflects the capabilities of the human sensory. Under favourable condition observable can be perceived using the unaided senses, for example the planets. On the other hand the unobservable cannot be identified in this manner, for example the proteins.

Negotiation Journal Rachid Free Essays

string(82) " I made the assumption that my counterpart got access to the market average data\." My previous experiences of negotiating real estate properties sale were slightly different from what we got in class. In fact, the logic is quite similar, UT the main difference is that in real life negotiations, I never used a pen and a paper. I remember using concepts like target, limit, and opening except that have never known they had particular names. We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiation Journal Rachid or any similar topic only for you Order Now Expected the Hamilton negotiation to give me an evaluation of my way of running real estate negotiations. I started my preparation by reading the case, understanding the context, and highlighting the most important information was provided with. Based on the data had collected, realized I would be facing a complex situation that has hidden facts and that requires lots of analysis and critic to UN it successfully. As an essential part of my preparation, determined my target, limit, and opening using the facts I was provided with and assumptions made about my counterpart. In the case, there was in my opinion a breaking piece of information that changed my whole perception of the situation. It was mentioned, in the first place, that the land would be more probably used for residential construction due to the fact that commercial construction was not permitted by the law in the Hamilton area. Considering that info, the value of the land should be around what Quince Dive offered us, 8 million $. There was, yet, a piece of info that had high importance in analyzing the case. We are talking here about the fact that Estate Ones’ CEO is much known for his long experience in the field, value minimization, and for being extremely well connected politically at the level of the state and local government. When I readied that info, I started raising questions such as â€Å"why Estate One are giving us such a surprisingly late call while they are usually known for their fast reactivity to the projects they are highly interested in? â€Å"This question was actually the hint that pushed me to make a giggly important assumption about my counterpart based on which I determined my target, limit, and opening. I am talking about the assumption that my counterpart got access to breaking news about the state and local government planning to allow commercial construction in the Hamilton area. Thought of that as the most rational explanation of why my counterpart gave me that surprisingly late call and Of why my property was becoming so important to him all of a sudden. The entire point of what was mentioned above is that acquired a highly interesting technique of analyzing the information in hands and building effective assumptions based on info analysis. This strategy demonstrated its effectiveness during the negotiation. I determined my opening to be 70, my limit to be 42 (assuming that Quince Dive might go up to 10% of what they offered initially), and my target to be 65 which is a pretty fair price for the property if it’s to be used for commercial construction. My counterpart opening was 45; yet, as long as I gave her the impression that I am expecting the land to be used for commercial construction, she immediately started increasing her offer gradually and so or decreasing the ZAP. My counterpart achieving a 55 million S offer (which is much higher than the value of the property if to be used for residential construction) confirmed the assumption made about my counterpart having different intentions of planned use of the land than what she claimed. We ended up around 60. 5 which was a win-win agreement in my opinion knowing that my counterpart will be waiting for the commercial construction permission to be given. This negotiation was a true learning experience that taught me to deeply analyze and criticize the information I am provided with ND build logic assumption about my counterpart that help figure out the info don’t have access to. Second Negotiation : Thesis Wiley. Role Played: UP of Rivers UP of Business Development. Was expecting this negotiation to be tough and challenging. I expected to receive lots of resistance from my counterpart since he was supposed to be a professional and experienced agent in the field of basketball players’ endorsement. To get well prepared for the negotiation, I tried to read between the lines to achieve better understanding of the hidden facts. For instance, in the case, there were a couple of hidden facts. The first was the prior face-to-face contact that took place between Wiley and Peak. It was essential to take the existence of such a relationship into account. I actually came to the point, later on, that Wiley and Peak were the real parties of the negotiation. When I thought about it little deeper, Wiley is the basketball player to be endorsed and Peak is the boss and it sounds that an agreement has already been reached between the two. ND Wile’s agent were, in fact, just intermediaries and we were supposed to sign the formal agreement. Also as part of my preparation process, tried to understand the exact session where I stood and the nature of the situation and context. Understood that my interests and my boss’s interests were slightly different, but I still had to defend the t wo of them the same way. My boss was highly convinced that Wiley was the right person to be endorsed. I knew I had the challenge to make my boss happy by signing the deal and saving the marketing campaign even though I wasn’t too much into endorsing Wiley. The entire point here is that it was crucial to understand what my mission in the negotiation was, the role I was supposed to play, and the position stood in. Furthermore, learned not to base my negotiation entirely on the assumptions made about my counterpart because there was always a probability for them being false. During my negotiation I faced a situation that proved that. I made the assumption that my counterpart got access to the market average data. You read "Negotiation Journal Rachid" in category "Papers" I built that assumption on the basis that Wile’s agent was a professional and experienced agent. At some point in the negotiation, I realized that my assumption turned out to be false. I believe that my counterpart didn’t have the right information about the market average. Sincerely, I got the impression that my counterpart didn’t take enough time to read the case which resulted in him not mastering the data he was provided with in the text. That was a typical example of how weak your position gets when you are not well prepared and when you don’t know enough information about your counterpart. Even though that was a point of which took advantage of to balance the negotiation to my side, it was a useful lesson to keep in mind. That very same situation taught me another interesting point which I might call effective reactivity. Actually, my untreated behaved in a surprising and chocking manner which gave me the impression he was neither professional nor experienced. It was very important for me to react effectively to his behaviors. I learned how to react properly to my counterparts behaviors and use that to strengthen my position. In future negotiations, applying the concepts and skills I acquired in this negotiation will certainly help me run them more successfully and effectively. Third Negotiation: TERSE Ay/ KIRKS Ay. Role Played: Aroma, Sales’ Representative of KIRKS. My role in this negotiation was Aroma, the sale representative of KIRKS. I expected this negotiation to be tough and time consuming. Indeed, it was. Since we had many terms to agree upon, expected this negotiation to be like no one of those did before. I was used to run negotiations that either didn’t include any detailed terms or included very few. This negotiation taught me a new way of negotiating. It was very important to master the details and content of every term and set a specific and clear strategy to negotiate it. It was the first time to be provided with such complex and diverse terms. As a part of the preparation, I discussed with my teammate each term and we determined for each one a target, a limit, and an opening point. That highly helped us in terms of controlling the flow of the negotiation and doing the right type of discounts.. Therefore, it was very important to create harmony, connection, and cohesion between different terms of the negotiation. A considerable amount of time was devoted to each one of the terms. When my counterpart gave us a call to request for the four engines, we started raising questions about their current situation and their relationship with Big Blue. As far as we knew, Big Blue was the sole supplier of TERSE; therefore, e thought there should be a problem with them calling us for an urgent request Of four servers. Either Big Blue service was not satisfying anymore, especially taking into account that their reputation has been going so bad, or that they were not able to deliver what TERSE was requesting for. We just tried to use this kind of analysis to manipulate the negotiation and, indeed, we started the negotiation by asking our counterparts about their relationship with Big Blue and their current business situation. That was kind of destabilize question, but they did manage it though. The entire point am ring to make here is that I learned to push my counterpart to talk via asking him/her questions. This way I can figure out the information he/she might be hiding from me. Our aim behind doing this negotiation was, in fact, to sign the deal in the first place because both I and my company were behind our expected results; but also to achieve long term agreements and collaboration with TEPEE. We knew that TERSE had future plans to expand their business in the neighboring states, so we thought it would be highly beneficial for us to sign long term agreements with them. That was, actually, exactly what appended. We did provide them with discounts concerning services, support, and training in exchange of signing a contract to get the next four servers from us. In my opinion, that was a good starting point for signing potential long term agreement in the future. The point I am trying to make is that I learned to think in terms of short terms / long term agreements. Now, I believe I become a better negotiator; one who makes clear distinction between short term and long terms deals and agreements. When you know what your exact objectives are, you know what discounts and sacrifices you re supposed to do. Last but not least, I learned to use currencies properly. The good thing about currencies is that you use them as a joker when you can’t do any further discounts in terms of the overall price of the deal. Even though the currencies might be costly, they still give the impression that they are worth more than their actual value. For instance, we agreed at the end to provide some services for free. It still costs as money, but not as much as what a discount on the price of the servers would cost us. Fourth Negotiation: Flagship Airways. Role Played: S. Gordon, UP of Engendering I started this negotiation by meeting with my teammates who represent the UP of maintenance and the UP of finance. We discussed the interests and concerns of each one of us and we set a strategy that we will follow to meet and defend the interests of the whole group. This negotiation was unique compared to the ones did before, in the sense that, the three of our group members had slightly different interests and objectives to achieve. Therefore, it was crucial to effectively listen to each other and try to find a common ground and a consensus. Once we determined our target, limit, and opening for the various terms of the contract based on the consensus reached, we started the negotiation with our counterparts. How to cite Negotiation Journal Rachid, Papers

Sample Assignment on HR Assignment

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Corporate Social Responsibility can be defined as the transparent business practices on the basis of ethical values, respect for the people, communities and environment in which the company operates and operating its business in compliance with the legal requirements (Agoes Kristaung, 2008). Thus it is observed that the organizations in addition to making profits are also held responsible for the impact their actions and operations can have on the people and the planet. The term people refer to the stakeholders who have an interest in the business of the company and are affected by the actions that the company takes. It includes the customers, the business partners, the employees, the investors, the government, suppliers and the community. So it is observed that CSR is aimed at ensuring whether the companies are conducting their business in an ethical manner. Again CSR while evaluating the business of the companies on ethical grounds also takes into consideration the economic, socia l and environmental impact of the operations of the business (Roitto, 2013). Thus it involves activities that include looking to the facts: Whether the company operates in partnership with the local communities Whether it is making socially responsible investments Whether it strives to develop effective relationship with the customers and the employees Whether it takes care of the protection of the environment and sustainability Organizations Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholders can be defined as the individuals or the organizations who have an interest in the business and who stand in order to gain or lose as a result of the success or failure of the business of an organization. Thus stakeholder analysis can be defined as an important tool that is used by the organizations in order t identify the key individuals or organizations who need to be win over for the benefit of the organization (Brugha Varvasovszky, 2000). The stakeholder analysis involves the following steps: Identifying the Stakeholders The first step involves identifying the individuals or the organizations that have a direct influence over the business or have an interest in success or failure of the business. Prioritizing the Stakeholders This step involves identifying which stakeholders have high/low influence over the business and which stakeholders have high/low interest in the business. The above figure shows that the stakeholders who have low interest but high power should be kept satisfied. The stakeholders who have low interest and low influence should be monitored i.e. the organization should not put much effort in keeping them satisfied. Again the organization should strive to manage the stakeholders who have high interest and high influence over the business (Varvasovszky Brugha, 2000). Finally the stakeholders who have high interest but low power should be kept informed regarding he activities. Understanding the Key Stakeholders In this step the organization should strive to understand how the key stakeholders feel regarding the undertaken project and should also take into consideration their reactions towards the project. The organization also strives to engage the key stakeholders and establish effective communication with them. Examples of Organizations Criticized for Poor CSR Taking into consideration the CSR aspects at Nike, the company has been criticized for making its workers work under poor working conditions and there have also been allegations against the company regarding harassment and abuse of the workers at its contract factories (Mallenbaker.net, 2004). Thu the issue that has been raised is labour noncompliance in contract factories. In the recent time before the London Olympics, it was found that Adidas has violated the workers rights while managing nine locally owned factories in order to produce Olympics shoes and clothing for the company. The workers were made to work for around 65 hours i.e. 25 hours more than the standard working week and at a low wage. They also suffered from physical and verbal abuse and were punished for failing to meet the production targets (The Independent, 2005). In addition Puma was criticized for the Suppliers Critical Conditions. The workers at one of the supplier of Puma i.e. Surpassing were forced to work for excessive overtime and they were paid 64 cents for each regular hour, they were also fined if they refused to work overtime, poor residence conditions, poor food, unsafe working conditions and unethical procedure for waste disposal (Chinalaborwatch.org, 2006). In the context CSR criticism Reebok has been criticized for disrespecting women through a campaign its campaign in Germany (Cook, 2004). The company suggested respecting the workout more than the woman in the life of an individual. Using Teamwork for Improving Performance within an Organization The complexity of the tasks makes it difficult on the part of an individual employee to complete it in affective manner. So the organizations strive to form teams consisting of individuals with complementary skills and a pool of experience that is essential for successful completion of the tasks (Jones George, 1998). This drives the employees to coordinate their efforts which lead to enhanced performance. The enhanced performance depends upon following factors: Espirit de Corps Regular and continuous communication among the team members leads to the development of spirit de corps and thus establishes a sense of common interest, fellowship and commitment towards the accomplishment of the objectives of the team. Satisfaction Team consists of individuals with varied skills and experience and thus they try t complement each other. So it enhances the individual performance (Leonard, Graham Bonacum, 2004). Thus they enjoy doing their work and gets motivated towards performing better in order to successfully contribute towards the achievement of the teams objective. Utilization of Resources The formation team facilitates the company to involve multiple individuals for the completion of the tasks that not only reduces the time for completion but also increases the speed that leads to the accomplishment of primary objectives. Creative and Learning Environment Team formation brings toge5ther individuals with varied experiences and skills which enhances the creativity of the individual team members together with the creativity of the entire team (Tambe, 1997). Again it also facilitates the individuals to learn from the experiences of others which enhance the individual performance together with the performance of the team. Using Belbins Theory of Team Roles for the Development of Best Team A team is formed in order to bring the individuals with varied skills and experience together which not only enhances the performance of the individual team members but also enhances the performance of the team as a whole through learning and knowledge sharing (Belbin, 2010). The Belbin Team role model provides guidance for making use of the talents and personalities of the team members. Belbins Theory describes the nine team roles and their talents as follows: Implementer The individual is disciplined; task oriented and acts as a practical organizer within the team. He is also responsible for putting the plans into actions (Prichard Stanton, 1999). Resource Investigator He is expected to be an extrovert with lot of contacts within and outside the team and is capable of bringing new opportunities for the team. Plant He acts as an innovative and creative thinker and has the capability to solve complex problems. Monitor He acts as a team analyst and is capable of analyzing the situations and focuses upon making accurate and right judgements. Shaper He acts as a challenge loving individual and focuses upon completing the tasks within the specified deadlines. Coordinator He takes care of the procedures to be followed in order to complete the tasks and also strives to identify the needs and wants of the other team members (Van Heerden, 2012). He is capable of utilising the right talent in the right manner and is responsible for taking tough decisions. Complete Finisher He focuses upon completing the tasks in a perfect manner and also takes care of the safety of the team members and focuses upon maintaining the quality of work. Teamworker He focuses upon providing a pleasant atmosphere to the team members and strives to create a sense of togetherness among the team members. Specialist He acts as an advisor and provides knowledge on specific topic and thus makes his contributions to the team with his technical and substantial skills. Thus from the above team roles as described by Belbin, it can be inferred that these roles played by various individuals helps in enhancing the performance of the team members as well as the team which leads to the development of an effective team. Tuckmans Theory of Team Development The Tuckmas theory of team development proposes that formation of team involves time and thus a team has to pass through various stages while they transform from simply a collection of strangers to united group with a common goal. The various stages are: Forming In this stage the team members are anxious since they are not aware of their tasks and the leaders pay a dominant role since the responsibilities of the members are not clear (Bertram, 2006). Storming The members look upon themselves as an active member of the team. They tend to challenge each other and the leaders regarding what are the things that need to be done. The stage is also characterized with conflicts and may also have a negative impact on the performance. Norming In this stage the team members come together and thus the roles and responsibilities are clarified. The stage is characterized by a feeling of togetherness among the team members (Mai et al., 2011). Performing In this stage the focus is on team relationship and tasks which leads to synergy. The members work together that leads to enhanced of performance. Thus it can be inferred that this model provide assistance in team development and the problems that may arise during the development of the team. Nuisance to Land Thereliecertain differences in between trespass and nuisance where majorly, in case of nuisance the damage must be proved. In case of nuisance the resultant effect is seen as something that is suffered by an individual in place of a kind of conduct that originally is forbidden. Generally nuisance may be defined as as unreasonable interference pertaining to the use of land usually by making use of the public right -of way. Theresultantharm will be considered to be a nuisance irrespective of its being originatedfrom negligent, intentional or non faulty conducts. The base principle pertaining to nuisance come from alatinmaxim which may be translated into"use your own property so as not to injure that of yourneighbours (Ellickson, 1973).Under the present law, Nuisance covers a varied range ofobjectionable activities such as vibrations, noise, water and air pollution and most importantly noxiousodours.Otherconducts such as erecting dangerous structures alongside certain interfaces, obstru ction of streets, certain water rights come under nuisance. Crowd Control A crowd is defined as a group of people that is formed for a common purpose i.e. either it strive to support some cause or strive to oppose some cause. Crowd control can be defined as the process that is taken in order to prevent the outbreak of disorder and the prevention of a possible riot (Lasecki et al., 2011). Again it can also be defined as the term that is used in order to define the ability that can be used for reducing the possibility of fight or chaos among a unit and this can be done by either restriction the contribution of the members of the crowd or by restricting their means to escape. Remedies Remedies can be defined as the way in which a right is imposed by the court of law in case of a wrongful act, injury or harm that is imposed upon another individual (Katz, 1968). Thus it is the means with the help of which tight violation can be prevented or compensated. Stakeholder Stakeholder can be defined as an individual or an organization that has an interest in the business of an organization (Harrison Freeman, 1999). This reveals the fact that they have the ability to affect the objectives, actions and policies of an organization and are also significantly affected by the policies and procedures of the organization. Benefits of Green Event The benefits of Green Event can be discussed as follows: It helps in reducing the bill of trash with the help of diversion of the recyclable materials. It also provides a positive publicity of the company that it strives to take care of the environment. The waste prevention provides assistance to the company to minimize their management and purchasing costs (von der Heidt Firmin, 2009). It also helps in enhancing the brand image of the company since it creates a feeling in the minds of the customers and the stakeholders that the company is socially responsible and discharges it responsibility in an effective manner. Benefits to the community The community cost of expanding the landfill is reduced by making a significant reduction in the quantity of the materials that are transferred to the landfill. The opportunities for job are enhanced with an increase on the process of recycling. It also enhances the awareness on the part of the public in the context of recycling of the wastes. References Agoes, S. and Kristaung, R. (2008). The Influence of Professional and Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibiity on Corporate Governance Implementation and Fraud Mitigation: Empirical evidence From Accounting managers and Public Accountans in Jakarta. Belbin, R. (2010).Team roles at work. 1st ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Bertram, R. (2006). Applying theory of team development to refine multi-system response to child abuse.Building on Family Strengths, p.55. Brugha, R. and Varvasovszky, Z. (2000). Stakeholder analysis: a review. Health policy and planning, 15(3), pp.239--246. Chinalaborwatch.org, (2006).china labor watch. Cook, C. (2004).Corporate Social Responsibility is a Joke to Reebok. [online] Care2.com. Ellickson, R. (1973). Alternatives to zoning: covenants, nuisance rules, and fines as land use controls.The University of Chicago Law Review, pp.681--781. Harrison, J. and Freeman, R. (1999). Stakeholders, social responsibility, and performance: empirical evidence and theoretical perspectives.Academy of management Journal, 42(5), pp.479--485. Jones, G. and George, J. (1998). The experience and evolution of trust: Implications for cooperation and teamwork. Academy of management review, 23(3), pp.531--546. Katz, A. (1968). The Jurisprudence of Remedies: Constitutional Legality and the Law of Torts in Bell v. Hood.University of Pennsylvania Law Review, pp.1--74. Lasecki, W., Murray, K., White, S., Miller, R. and Bigham, J. (2011). Real-time crowd control of existing interfaces. pp.23--32. Leonard, M., Graham, S. and Bonacum, D. (2004). The human factor: the critical importance of effective teamwork and communication in providing safe care. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 13(suppl 1), pp.85--90. Mai, U., Swift, D., Wiggins, T. and Luechtefeld, R. (2011). A grounded theory approach to effects of virtual facilitation on team communication and the development of professional skills. pp.2--1. Mallenbaker.net, (2004).Corporate social responsibility. Prichard, J. and Stanton, N. (1999). Testing Belbins team role theory of effective groups.Journal of Management Development, 18(8), pp.652--665. Roitto, A. (2013). Factors effecting corporate social responsibiity disclosure ratings: an empirical study of finnish listed companies. Tambe, M. (1997). Towards flexible teamwork. arXiv preprint cs/9709101. The Independent, (2005).The Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News | Newspaper. Van Heerden, D. (2012). The application of Belbin's team role theory in information service enterprises. Varvasovszky, Z. and Brugha, R. (2000). A stakeholder analysis. Health policy and planning, 15(3), pp.338--345. von der Heidt, T. and Firmin, R. (2009). A consumer perspective of green event performance.School of Commerce and Management Papers, p.285.